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| 1219 |
| | | St Francis of Assisi joins a crusading army in Egypt and attempts to convert the sultan Melek-el-Kamel and his followers to Christianity | |
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| 1250 |
| | | The last sultan of Saladin's dynasty is murdered by slaves in the palace guard, and Mameluke rule is reintroduced in Egypt | |
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| 1269 |
| | | The Marinids, a Berber tribe, take Marrakech and bring to an end Almohad rule in Morocco | |
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| c. 1270 |
| | | The Assassins are systematically destroyed by Baybars, the Mameluke sultan of Egypt | |
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| 1324 |
| | | Mansa Musa, sultan of the gold-rich African state of Mali, is so lavish in Cairo (on his way to Mecca) that the value of Egyptian gold slumps | |
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| 1325 |
| | | Ibn Batutah leaves his home in Morocco to go on pilgrimage to Mecca, and continues travelling for 24 years | |
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| 1517 |
| | | The Ottoman sultan, Selim I, captures Cairo and ends Mameluke rule in the middle east | |
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| from 1517 |
| | | From Bosnia to Egypt and Arabia, the Ottoman Turks now rule the largest Muslim empire since the early caliphate - and will frequently use the title of caliph to assert their authority within Sunni Islam | |
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| 1574 |
| | | The Ottoman empire finally asserts control over the north African coast, in the footsteps of Muslim pirates | |
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| 1609 |
| | | A law is passed expelling the Moriscos from Spain, with the result that some 300,000 are shipped to north Africa | |
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